Suchergebnisse

In a context of globalization, municipalities and metropolitan regions are involved in international competition to support economic growth. This leads to new forms of collaboration between public authorities and businesses, giving birth to new forms of urban and metropolitan governances. Moreover, many old neighborhoods of the central city and some districts of the old suburbs face growth in unemployment and poverty. In these local territories, community organizations put forward local development practices that aim to improve living conditions. These organizations cooperate with other community organizations, public institutions and private agencies. Thus, they are embedded in a kind of governance: a local governance. This article, based on the case of the metropolitan region of Montreal, highlights the conception of local development of these community organizations, the local governance in which they participate, and the link between this local governance with the urban and metropolitan ones.

New conceptualizations are needed to encompass cumulating research findings that complex, multijurisdictional, multilevel organization is a productive arrangement for metropolitan areas. A local public economy approach recognizes (I) the distinction between provision and production, and the different considerations that bear on each; (2) the distinction between governance and government, and the multiple levels of governance; (3) the difference between metropolitan fragmentation and complex metropolitan organization, and the prevalence of the complex organization over fragmentation; and (4) the necessity for citizen choice and public entrepreneurship in crafting productive organizational and governance arrangements. It may contribute to a rethinking with respect to governance structures adapted to the diversity characteristic of American metropolitan areas.

In this article, the authors examine local governance structures in several major urban areas of Latin America in order to understand how these two sometimes highly contradictory developments are impacting upon the governance of metropolitan areas and the resolution of the major problems facing them. Particular attention is paid to emerging cooperative arrangements that may in the future help to address significant metropolitan area issues. (InWent/GIGA)

AbstractTwo of the most important trends occurring in Latin America and the Caribbean during the past quarter century have been rapid urbanisation and government decentralisation. With approximately 75% of its 520 million inhabitants living in urban areas, the region has seen the emergence of such mega‐cities as Buenos Aires, Lima, Mexico City and Sao Paulo. At the same time, the region, partly on its own and partly prodded by international organisations and donors, has been struggling with the issue of decentralising its historically highly centralised national governments and strengthening its traditionally very weak and highly dependent local governments. In this article, the authors examine local governance structures in several major urban areas of Latin America in order to understand how these two sometimes highly contradictory developments are impacting upon the governance of metropolitan areas and the resolution of the major problems facing them. Particular attention is paid to emerging cooperative arrangements that may in the future help to address significant metropolitan area issues. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Two paths to new regionalism are being pursued in American metropolises. One route, metropolitan consolidation, focuses on restructuring formal government. The other route, metropolitan governance, aims to restructure intergovernmental relations & processes. In a case study of Louisville & Jefferson County, KY, the authors compare the two approaches. Following two failed efforts at city-county consolidation, Louisville-Jefferson County forged a city-county compact to bring about metropolitan governance, even in the absence of metropolitan government. The compact provides for tax sharing, joint service provision, & a moratorium on new municipal incorporation or annexation. Civic leaders are now calling for metropolitan consolidation. An alternative proposal for the creation of a federated city that would have built on the compact was rejected. After considering both approaches, the authors conclude that a governance strategy will better advance the agenda of new regionalism. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Metropolitan governance in most metropolitan areas of the United States can best be understood by reference to the concept of a "local government constitution." A local government constitution is framed by choices made at two levels: 1) an enabling level composed of state constitutional and statutory provisions that local citizens and public officials may use to create and modify local governments, and 2) a chartering level that determines the specific charter of a local government through citizen action. The rules of a local government constitution include those of association, boundary adjustment, fiscal rules, and rules governing interjurisdictional arrangements. Citizens and their officials can and do use these constitutional rules to construct over time complex local public economies that tend to exhibit strong patterns of citizen governance. Recognition of these phenomena yields a different view of local governments from that of "creatures of the state," as articulated by Judge John Dillon in his 1868 decisions.

A growing majority of the world's citizens lives in metropolitan areas. The question of how these areas can be governed has been the subject of a long-running scientific and political debate. This introductory article retraces the main arguments in this debate and argues that it has gained a new scope. Metropolitan governance is no longer a question of local interest limited to single metropolitan areas, but increasingly relates to changes and developments in the organisation of the wider state apparatus. Adapted from the source document.

Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- GOVERNANCE and OPPORTUNITY in METROPOLITAN AMERICA PART I -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Central Cities, Suburbs, and Metropolitan-Area Problems -- 3 Disparities in Outcomes -- 4 Strategies for Reducing Disparities -- 5 Recommendations for Research and Policy Choices -- References -- Index.